This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10255 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

To improve the over-segmentation and over-merge phenomenon of single image segmentation algorithm,a novel approach of combing Graph-Based algorithm and T-junctions cues is proposed in this paper. First, a method by L0 gradient minimization is applied to the smoothing of the target image eliminate artifacts caused by noise and texture detail; Then, the initial over-segmentation result of the smoothing image using the graph-based algorithm; Finally, the final results via a region fusion strategy by t-junction cues. Experimental results on a variety of images verify the new approach’s efficiency in eliminating artifacts caused by noise,segmentation accuracy and time complexity has been significantly improved.

A holographic display method combing the Amplitude of real picture and the phase of hologram is proposed to improve holographic display. The hologram of the onion epidermal cells was recorded in the in-line digital holographic system. Then the phase unwrapping method was used to get the real phase of the epidermal cells of the onion. Intensity distribution of onion is recorded in CCD illuminated by LED. Based on that, Burch and Kinoform coding are utilized to make CGH (computer-generated hologram) using phase and intensity obtained before. Experiments indicate that clear reconstruction image and desirable display result are achieved with this novel method, providing a new idea for development of CGH display.

To some extent, the mapping relationship between the camera and projector images determines the precision of surface reconstruction in digital close-range photogrammetry. In this paper, a new method is presented to achieve sub-pixel-level mapping between the camera and projector images. Instead of mapping the stripe from the camera to the projector, which is pixel-precision-based, a set of pixels that share the same decoded number were picked out on the camera images and their barycenter was calculated to mapped onto the pixel on the projector images. In most cases, the calculation of the barycenter is able to achieve sub-pixel precision. Compared with existing approaches based on the direct mapping of the stripe on the camera image to the projector image, the proposed method is characterized by higher accuracy in mapping the points and thus the surface reconstruction performance. The experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method in the improvement of the accuracy of shape reconstruction.

Different from backlight for panel display, the backlight for integral imaging should be directional in order to improve the viewing quality. A method for eliminating the flipped image and improving the optical efficiency for integral imaging is proposed by using directional backlight with diffractive grating. The light from one elemental image reaching the neighboring elemental lens can be eliminated with directional backlight. The effect of the backlight angular divergence and pixel structure on crosstalk and the viewing angle is analyzed. Simulation and experiment show the validity of the proposed method.

Phase-shifted shearography needs to extract dynamic phase of the measured object after loading, so an algorithm for dynamic phase extraction in phase-shifted shearography is proposed to analyze the speckle patterns with random phase shifts. By using correlation method, the fringe patterns with random phase shifts are obtained from the speckle patterns with random phase shifts. Then the dynamic phase distributions are extracted from one set of random phase-shifted fringe patterns by principle component analysis. The experimental results show that the extracted phases are accurate and efficient. The proposed method is non-iterative and has no strict requirement for the spatial-carrier frequency of fringe patterns, so it is suitable for dynamic shearing speckle interferometry.

In order to improve the dynamic range and the signal-noise ratio of the image intensifier, keep the flux of the screen of image intensifier constant. In the article, introduced a design of the switching power supply and tested its performance. Firstly, used a sampling amplifier amplify the feedback current signals. The feedback signals were converted into square wave signals through a digital circuit. Then, using the MOSFET in the post stage circuit produced high voltage and high speed adjustable square pulses. The frequency of the pulse is 1 kHz, the speed of the cutting edge is 20ns and the amplitude is 200V. The photoelectron emission time of the photocathode is short when the width of the high speed pulse is narrow for strong illumination. On the contrary, the time is long when the width is wide for weak illumination. The number of photoelectron is a constant no matter what kind of the illumination. It keeps the flux reaching the phosphor screen constant.

Compressive imaging（CI）can offer a versatile improvements for imaging systems, such as smaller compressed data volume and super-resolution. Among various methods to realize Compressive imaging, pushing encoding mask has attracted the most attention with its compatibility to the space remote sensing. However, complex pre- calibrations are usually needed for calibrating the encoding mask to achieve the measurement matrix for the image reconstruction. Herein, we design a pushing compressive imaging system which fixed with the function of situ calibration of the encoding mask. The pushing compressive imaging system was constructed, and the experimental results confirmed that the system had the ability for data compression and super-resolution. And above all, the system can avoid the complex pre-calibration, which makes the on-orbit calibration feasible. In the simulations, twice, three times and four times resolutions higher than the captured image’s resolution are performed respectively, which confirm that the method can improve the target image resolution based on the relative low resolution raw captured target images. Furthermore, by pushing the mask precisely which can be considered equivalent to the real pushing imaging, we have reconstructed the true super-resolution target image accurately based on the mask calibration and 6 captured pushing imaging frames.

In the last years, several techniques have been developed for the measurement of the three velocity components in a fluid plane or volume.Digital holography particle tracing velocimetry(DHPTV)was applied to observe the chain transformation process of magnetorheological fluids (MR fluids) under an external magnetic field. With the help of correlation coefficient(CC)method[1], the focus plane of standard particle target was determined. The displacement of standard target mounted on a precise displacement measurement workbench was compared with the distance measured by difference of focal planes movement. Making use of a controlled rotating platform with constant revolving speed, the rotation speed of particles was obtained after extracting the coordinates from reconstruction images. The measured speed was compared with actual speed of particles,which can be worked out through rotation speed of platform. The transformation speed was measured when magnetic particle moved along with magnetic direction under an external magnetic field. The experiments showed that a visible part of 3D velocity field could be observed in the chain transformation process of MR fluids with DHPTV.

The information warfare needs a highly transparent environment of battlefield, it follows that true three-dimensional display technology has obvious advantages than traditional display technology in the current field of military science and technology. It also focuses on the research progress of lens array imaging technology and aims at what restrict the development of integral imaging, main including low spatial resolution, narrow depth range and small viewing angle. This paper summarizes the principle, characteristics and development history of the integral imaging. A variety of methods are compared and analyzed that how to improve the resolution, extend depth of field, increase scope and eliminate the artifact aiming at problems currently. And makes a discussion about the experimental results of the research, comparing the display performance of different methods.

A tablet computer with a depth camera and a color camera is loaded on a traditional shopping cart. The inside information of the shopping cart is obtained by two cameras. In the shopping cart monitoring field, it is very important for us to determine whether the customer with goods in or out of the shopping cart. This paper establishes a basic framework for judging empty hand, it includes the hand extraction process based on the depth information, process of skin color model building based on WPCA (Weighted Principal Component Analysis), an algorithm for judging handheld products based on motion and skin color information, statistical process.

Through this framework, the first step can ensure the integrity of the hand information, and effectively avoids the influence of sleeve and other debris, the second step can accurately extract skin color and eliminate the similar color interference, light has little effect on its results, it has the advantages of fast computation speed and high efficiency, and the third step has the advantage of greatly reducing the noise interference and improving the accuracy.

Hainan Li brocade skills has been listed as world non-material cultural heritage preservation, therefore, the research on Hainan Li brocade patterns plays an important role in Li brocade culture inheritance. The meaning of Li brocade patterns was analyzed and the shape feature extraction techniques to original Li brocade patterns were advanced in this paper, based on the contour tracking algorithm. First, edge detection was made on the design patterns, and then the morphological closing operation was used to smooth the image, and finally contour tracking was used to extract the outer contours of Li brocade patterns. The extracted contour features were processed by means of morphology, and digital characteristics of contours are obtained by invariant moments. At last, different patterns of Li brocade design are briefly analyzed according to the digital characteristics. The results showed that the pattern extraction method to Li brocade pattern shapes is feasible and effective according to above method.

TOF (time-of-flight) depth camera is a 3D imaging device that can obtain high-precision distance information. It is used to estimate 3D structure directly without the help of traditional computer-vision algorithms. However, it has some disadvantages such as generated a depth map with low resolution and it has large random noise. In order to overcome this limitation, we proposed a new method with combines the confidence map and use the interpolation operation to improve the resolution of the image. In the up-sampling process, we consider the relationship between distance information generated by TOF camera and the confidence map, through a novel method that based on the confidence value to weighted for the traditional nearest neighbor interpolation, bilinear interpolation and the bi-cubic interpolation algorithm, increase the weight of the depth information with high confidence value in every way. Then through the multi-directional changes of edge gradient, the pixel points of edge region to be optimize with the interpolation. Experimental results show that ours method can improve the resolution of the depth image and optimize the edge effect.

In this paper, we present a computational orthoscopic integral imaging reconstruction method by utilizing a flexible ray tracing algorithm to overcome the pseudoscopic problem. Compared to previous works, the proposed method can directly reconstruct orthoscopic 3D images through one step ray tracing process. Thus, a real, undistorted, orthoscopic 3D images can be reconstructed various distances without the magnification and overlap process of conventional CIIR. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, the preliminary experiments are carried out and the some experimental results are presented.

In this paper, we present a resolution enhanced 3D photon counting integral imaging system to improve the visual quality of the reconstructed 3D images. In order to solve the limitation of the visual quality cause by the photon starved condition, the statistical estimation algorithm based on the 3D imaging structure is proposed to estimate the high performance photon counting images. Additionally, synthetic aperture integral imaging is utilized for imaging and reconstruction in low light levels condition. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is verified relying on the precise experimental results.

In synthetic aperture integral imaging system, a camera array is employed to obtain multiple perspective images from a 3D scene. However, the imaging lens suffer from the limitation of depth of field which disallows a conventional integral imaging system to obtain full-focus elemental images. To solve this problem, we present a multi-focus elemental images fusion method to reconstruct resolution enhanced 3D integral images. In the proposed method, depth estimation and image registration are achieved to fuse full-focus elemental images. Then, the resolution enhanced 3D images are reconstructed by using full-focus elemental images. To verify feasibility of the proposed method, the preliminary experiments are carried out.

An ultra HD, low crosstalk, high luminance uniformity, and wide field of view auto-stereoscopic display is demonstrated with the use of novel free-form surface backlight array (FFSBA) and mix-teeth Fresnel lens (MTFL) technology, in conjunction with a hybrid spatial and temporal control scenario. The luminance uniformity is shown to be higher than 95.3% even within a wide viewing angle, and the minimum achievable crosstalk can be as small as 2.2%. The moiré pattern is avoided by an equivalent anisotropic film (EAF).

This paper presents a simple and effective method, without the need for any additional recording of the intensity maps or tremendous iterative computations, to remove the complex zeroth-order term in the complex hologram for phase retrieval in two-step quadrature phase-shifting holography by utilizing the intensity in certain area in the complex hologram. We select a particular area in the complex hologram where there is negligible diffraction from the test sample to calculate the intensity. The calculated intensity value allows us to eliminate the complex zeroth-order term from the complex hologram. Exact phase distribution can then be reconstructed by using the new complex hologram without the zeroth-order and twin image noise. Experiment results have been performed to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of our proposed method.

In this paper, we propose an optical method based on integral imaging(II) and ptychography to encrypt threedimensional( 3D) information with simple architecture. The 3D scene plaintext is encrypted by a camera array and double-random phase masks via ptychography to generate a series of diffraction intensity patterns as ciphertexts. Then, the decrypting process with ptychographic iteration and II reconstruction is employed to retrieve high-quality 3D images. Since scanning light probes and parameters of II can serve as secret keys that enlarge the key space, and elemental image array generated by the II pickup has redundancy property, the security of encryption scheme can be improved significantly. Also, the decrypted 3D images in our proposed method have high-quality. Preliminary experiments are carried out, and the results demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of our proposed method. Especially, this research is suitable for real large-size 3D scene.

For the prospects of three-dimensional reconstruction technology based on structure from motion in engineering application, a high-resolution and visible band imaging system has been designed and implemented. It consists of a 5k × 5k CMOS focal plane array detector made by the ON-SEMI company, an optical system and an electronics system designed by ourselves. The electronics system takes FPGA as the control and drive processor chip and is divided into three parts: a power management module, a detector module and an image processing module, capable of finishing image compression and transmission. A sequence of images for the target of long distance away is obtained from the imaging system and the images after cropping and segmentation, aiming at reducing calculation and excluding some points irrelevant with the target during reconstruction process, are took as input of structure from motion. Seeds from the match points expand from sparse points to dense points and the initial model of reconstruction target is achieved. The experiment results show that the imaging system meet the requirement of three-dimensional reconstruction in engineering application and a new novel imaging system design of graded resolution based on bionics is proposed.

In this paper, we propose a staggered design directional backlight system in an autostereoscopic display. Currently, one of the main deficiency of autostereoscopic display is low display uniformity in both horizon and depth direction. In order to optimized display unifomity, the system mainly employs a staggered backlight array designed by a trace-back algorithm and a light shaping diffuser. As result, the horizontal dark areas are fully compensated. Moreover, crosstalk of experimental system is as low as 0.9%.

In this article, we propose a quantitative evaluation for the display uniformity in a directional backlight system. Display uniformity is divided into two research aspects - static uniformity and motional uniformity. Factors influencing uniformity deterioration are then discussed in our evaluation. Furthermore, a visualized simulation based on ray-tracing model is proposed to analyze this display uniformity in quantitative depth. Optical distribution on the screen is obtained in this simulation to provide visualized results compared with the experimental results. Our work helps to fill the vacancy for the evaluation of display uniformity on directional backlight type 3D display.

There are many 3D data structures for computing diffraction field, the description based on 3D point-cloud is the elemental method of other descriptions, the diffraction field of 3D scene can be thought as the superposition of the diffraction field of each sampled light point and other descriptions can be thought as grouping with point-cloud by different way. The paper focuses on devising a computation method of 3D Fresnel field which is based on Fresnel diffraction field propagation reversibility. The proposed method combines the reversibility of Fresnel propagation and the requirement of sampling spacing by Nyquist criterion, i.e. to find the best space positions to optimize the number of sampling points and the reconstruction for the 3D Fresnel field. The method can be applied to reduce the computational complexity and improve computational efficiency.

An application example of precision photoelectric 2D-turntable for aiming device baseline variation detection is proposed in this paper, the optical measurement method is also expounded and the design scheme of automatic digital photoelectric 2D-turntable with high precision is supported. Because the supporting framework is the key component and the main bearing component of two-dimensional turntable, its strength and stiffness will directly affect the adjustment accuracy and stability property, the variable density topology optimization is applied to optimize the structure of supporting framework. The quality of supporting framework reduces by 20%, the displacement of the center of shafting mass under gravity loads is less than 0.05mm. The experimental results indicate that adjustment error of the photoelectric 2D-turntable is less than 0.05mil, repetitive positioning accuracy is more than 0.01mil which meets the design requirements of high precision adjustment accuracy or stability.

Freeform optics especially Continues Phase Plate, are greatly demanded in high power laser systems. Fabrication of them with high efficiency and low sub-surface damage becomes a major challenge. Atmospheric pressure plasma processing using radicals produced by plasma torch, which has strong potential for machining freeform optics with millimeter and sub-millimeter spatial resolution, is proposed. This paper presents a novel plasma torch designed for fabricating freeform optics. This integral compact torch is comprised of needle electrode and micro-hole electrode. Millimeter-scale plasma jet of different size can be obtained by changing the micro-hole electrode. To analyze the process distribution of process gas of the jet flow, flow simulation is performed using COMSOL Multiphysics software. A set of single factor experiments are conducted to reveal the relationship between removal characteristics and flow rate of He, CF₄ and O₂. The removal rate with adding O₂ increases 7 times of that without O₂, and the spectrum change of the plasma jet is observed. It indicates that O₂ improves removal rate through consuming existing CF_x to produce more F radicals. The removal rate and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of typical removal function is about 19 μm/min-2.2 mm and 18 μm/min-1.1 mm respectively.

Binary pattern defocused projection is a promising method of measuring 3D shapes. However, deep or long-distance defocus prevents high-accuracy 3D measurement. The triangle pattern is preferred because of its slight defocus and ability to overcome the nonlinear gamma. Thus, a novel method combining triangle pattern slight defocus with phase shifting is proposed. The proposed method has two merits: (1) Compared with the sinusoidal pattern, the proposed method can overcome the nonlinear gamma. (2) Compared with the binary pattern, it has the advantage of slightly defocusing to an ideal sinusoidal pattern in a short distance. Thus, the measurement error caused by nonlinear gamma and deep defocus is reduced. The RMS error of the proposed method is <0.03 mm. Theory analysis and experiments demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method.

Zinc sulfide is a kind of typical infrared optical material, commonly produced using single point diamond turning (SPDT). SPDT can efficiently produce zinc sulfide aspheric surfaces with micro-roughness and acceptable figure error. However the tool marks left by the diamond turning process cause high micro-roughness that degrades the optical performance when used in the visible region of the spectrum. Magnetorheological finishing (MRF) is a deterministic, sub-aperture polishing technology that is very helpful in improving both surface micro-roughness and surface figure.This paper mainly investigates the MRF technology of large aperture off-axis aspheric optical surfaces for zinc sulfide. The topological structure and coordinate transformation of a MRF machine tool PKC1200Q2 are analyzed and its kinematics is calculated, then the post-processing algorithm model of MRF for an optical lens is established. By taking the post-processing of off-axis aspheric surfacefor example, a post-processing algorithm that can be used for a raster tool path is deduced and the errors produced by the approximate treatment are analyzed. A polishing algorithm of trajectory planning and dwell time based on matrix equation and optimization theory is presented in this paper. Adopting this algorithm an experiment is performed to machining a large-aperture off-axis aspheric surface on the MRF machine developed by ourselves. After several times’ polishing, the figure accuracy PV is proved from 3.3λ to 2.0λ and RMS from 0.451λ to 0.327λ. This algorithm is used to polish the other shapes including spheres, aspheres and prisms.

Texture depth is defined as the deviations of the road surface profile from the datum plane. It is currently assessed by two methods--sensor measured texture depth (SMTD) and sand patch method (SPM). Many researchers did lots of experiments to study the correlation between these two methods, but ignored the waveform characteristic of the road surface profile. A mathematical model of the road surface profile was built in this paper to calculation of texture depth and compare the two methods. This paper studied the statistical relationship between sensor measured texture depth and sand patch method in different waveform characteristics, and found out that the frequency is the main factor. The results show that the two methods have excellent correlation at the same frequency, and the correlation coefficient R² is equal to 1. Plates with same frequency were designed to conducted comparison experiments. The result verify the above conclusion. It shows good correlation between the laser detection technology and the volumetric patch technique. Since manufacturers mainly use sand patch method for experiments, the result provides a theoretical basis and technical support for factory inspection. Also, it can be used to get the characteristics of the pavement structure in return.

In order to collect a wide angle range light to receive the collimating beam of a small divergence angle, a highly efficient, compact, TIR collimating system has been designed and optimized. The collimating system adopts a hybrid structure with TIR style. First, calculate the initial structure of the collimating system according to Snell’s law and equal focal length principle. Then optimize the initial structure using Lighttools optical design software. Finally, the best LED collimating system has been successfully designed. According to the results of the design, the semi-diameter of the TIR collimating system is 20mm, the diameter is 25mm. The collimating angle is 1.5°. With the light absorption loss of the material and reflection loss of the interface have already been fully considered，the light energy utilization rate is as high as 89.5%. The initial structure of TIR-type LED collimator is designed by Snell’s law and equal focal length principle, and then it is optimized by the Lighttools optical design software, so that light energy utilization ratio and uniformity of illumination in the target surface are improved. In addition, TIR-type collimating system, which is small and easy to use, not only has a high light energy utilization ratio but also a compact structure.

The cost of photovoltaic power generation can be saved and efficiency will be improved by the concentration optics system. However, the non-uniformity of illumination distribution on the photovoltaic cells of the current Fresnel concentrators will reduce the photoelectric conversion efficiency and decrease the service life of the cell even damage the cell. This paper presents the design and simulation a novel nonimaging Fresnel concentrator, then comparatively analyses the performances of the conventional Fresnel concentrator. The novel nonimaging Fresnel concentrator has been design according to the diffused focal points method to improve optical efficiency and illumination uniformity. The novel Fresnel concentrator achieves high concentration efficiency 82.20%, and high uniformity 89.23% in the scope ±4mm of the concentration spot which can improve photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells and prevent the photovoltaic cells from being damaged.

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the bionic structure and functional materials. The theoretical research and fabricating ways of the Super-hydrophobic surface have sound achievements. However, the existing methods largely depend on the precision of the equipment and complex chemical substances, and it is hard to ensure the consistence of the material surface. Therefore, construction of microstructure on the surface of the material by using the method of mechanical processing to make the scale of the Super-hydrophobic surface to promote the popularization and application of Super-hydrophobic surface is of great significance. In order to put forward the innovative microstructure and to provide theoretical basis for the subsequent mechanical processing, based on the analysis of the classical theory of Super-hydrophobic, the super-hydrophobic film was by sol gel method. To explore the effects of different ratio of materials on the hydrophobicity, a micro/nano-structured super-hydrophobic coating was obtained by coating a film improved by hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) after a film improved by polyethylene glycol (PEG) was coated. The microstructure of bilayer films is analyzed, and the double-layer film structure is simplified to design two kinds of microstructure models. For the design of the two models based on the Wenzel and Cassie equations, a roughness factor is adopted to establish the quantitative relationship between the contact angle and the microstructure parameters, and the microstructure parameters is also analyzed by using MATLAB software, and hence the optimized microstructure parameters is obtained.

Modified antireflective thin films for optical crystals are developed by sol gel chemistry. Hexamethyldisilazane is added to silica sol to prepare modified sol by the Stöber method. The particle size distribution of the modified sol is found to have good uniformity, with an average particle diameter of about 42.14 nm. This sol can be used to prepare antireflective films with low refractive index of about 1.2. Homogeneous double layered films of antireflective and moisture resistant properties are demonstrated to coat small square sized KH₂PO₄/KD₂PO₄ crystals through a combination of dip and spin coating. The modified antireflective films display residual reflectivity close to zero, and laser induced damage threshold of 10.9 J/cm² (pulse wavelength: 355nm, pulse width: 3ns) measured by raster scan method.

Absorption of edge-cladding Cu-glass for the strong amplified spontaneous emission of Nd-glass disk will produce a large rise for the temperature and thermal stress near the cladding interface between Cu-glass and Nd-glass. According to the calculation for amplified spontaneous emission of Nd-glass and thermal stress along the thickness of Cu-glass, which is produced in our lab, the relations among temperature rise, thermal stress, CuO doping concentration and thickness of cladding Cu-glass, are discussed in detail. If using 0.10% CuO doping instead of 1%, which was used in the previous time, the maximum temperature will decrease from 46K to 13K and the thermal stress will decrease from 4.0 MPa to 0.8 MPa. Our edges cladding experimental results, obtained by the low CuO concentration edge cladding glass, are consistent with the inferences and validated in the SG series laser systems.

Aiming at the problem that the damage threshold of gold coated grating is relatively low, a dielectric film is considered on the gold coated gratings as a protective layer. The thickness range of the protective layer is determined under the prerequisite that the diffraction efficiency of the gold coated grating is reduced to an acceptable degree. In this paper, the electromagnetic field, the temperature field and the stress field distribution in the grating are calculated when the silica and hafnium oxide are used as protective layers, under the preconditions of the electromagnetic field distribution of the gratings known. The results show that the addition of the protective layer changes the distribution of the electromagnetic field, temperature field and stress field in the grating, and the protective layer with an appropriate thickness can improve the laser damage resistance of the grating.

According to a study in KDP crystal growth and performance, it’s found that the impurity content of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal by batch production affects directly the growth rate and optical properties of the KDP crystal. Through research on a variety of materials production methods, it’s found that there’re seldom reports on impurity removing technology by physical methods. This project studied the key process parameters and control factors on the batch production of potassium dihydrogen phosphate raw material. By modification and adjusting the process parameters, the quality of KDP crystal materials is improved.

The subsurface damage (SSD) introduced by manufacturing procedures are the important factors affecting mechanical and optical properties of the high-precision optical components. In this paper, we investigated the relationships between the size of SSD’s micro crack and optical properties by studying on the influence of grinding process parameters (average abrasive size, grinding force, wheel speed, grinding depth) on the optical properties (transmittance, absorbance, reflectance) of high-precision optical components first, and then determining the micro crack’s size under the grinding process parameters. Results indicate that with the increase of average abrasive size, grinding force or grinding depth, the transmittance of high-precision optical components decreases while the absorbance and reflectance increase. However, as the wheel speed increases, the transmittance of high-precision optical components increases while the absorbance and the reflectance decrease. Combining these results with the influence of grinding process parameters on the size of micro crack, it can be found that with the increase of micro crack’s size, the transmittance will decrease, while the absorbance and the reflectance will increase.

Since the difference between the film and the quartz, there are problems in metallization process such as low bonding strength, poor wettability and the film stress; combined with the actual situation, carried out a series of exploration of the above problems, take different measures to solve the practical problems.

Hafnium oxide, hafnium crystal bar and high-purity hafnium were prepared using extraction separation, reduction, electrolytic refining, iodide refining and electron beam melting process by General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals. A hundreds-kilogram production line has been built. The purity of the high-purity hafnium was Zr/(Zr+Hf) <0.3wt% and Zr+Hf>99.99wt%, which enables a high laser induced damage threshold.

With method of fixing wire in the high power pulsed xenon lamp tube, an experimental device of double lamp series was established to simulate the actual working environment of the xenon lamp. The experimental results show that the thermal damage with the pre delay time of 150μs is much more serious compared with the pre delay time of 250μs. The reason could be that the metastable particles formed by pre discharge are uneven with the former. The tube pale first appears near the left lamp anode and the right lamp cathode. The possible reason is that bifurcates and shifts of the plasma discharge channel are affected by the wire. The test results show that the main reason of thermal damage is that the temperature of discharge plasma is uneven inside the tube. By improving the structure of the lamp box and optimizing the pre delay time, the discharge plasma temperature can be decreased for the avoidance of the thermal damage.

Owing to damage, thermal issues, and nonlinear optical effects, the output power of fiber laser has been proven to be limited. Beam combining techniques are the attractive solutions to achieve high-power high-brightness fiber laser output. The spectral beam combining (SBC) is a promising method to achieve high average power output without influencing the beam quality. A polarization independent spectral beam combining grating is one of the key elements in the SBC. In this paper the diffraction efficiency of the grating is investigated by rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). The theoretical -1st order diffraction efficiency of the grating is more than 95% from 1010nm to 1080nm for both TE and TM polarizations. The fabrication tolerance is analyzed. The polarization independent spectral beam combining grating with the period of 1.04μm has been fabricated by holographic lithography - ion beam etching, which are within the fabrication tolerance.

The surface chemical composition and atomic emission spectroscopy of F atoms and CF₂ molecules involved in the processing of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) produced from CF₄ precursor has been explored. The XPS spectra illustrated that small amount of radicals including C-CF_n and CF-CF_n could be introduced onto the fused silica surface during the CF₄ plasma process, the fluorocarbon radicals were generated during CF₄ plasma ionization. Moreover, the relative concentrations of excited state species of F atoms and CF₂ molecules, which play significant role in remove and fluorocarbon radicals, were acquired for CF₄ plasma. The densities of F atoms increased dramatically with increasing applied RF power, whereas CF₂ molecules decreased monotonically over the same power range, the subsequent electron impacted decomposition of plasma species after CF₄ precursor fragmentation. The spectrum of the F atoms and CF₂ molecules fallowed the same tendency with the increasing concentration of gas CF₄, reaching the maximum at the 20sccm and 15sccm respectively, and then the emission intensity of reactive atoms decreased with more CF₄ molecules participating. Addition certain amount O₂ into CF₄ plasma resulted in promoting CF₄ dissociation, O₂ can easily react with the dissociation product of CF₂ molecules, which inhibit the compound of the F atoms, so with the increasing concentration of O₂, the concentration of the CF₂ molecules decreased and the emission intensities of F atoms showed the maximum at the O₂/CF₄ ratio of 20%. These results have led to the development of a scheme that illustrates the mechanisms of surface chemistry reaction and the affection of plasma parameters in CF₄ plasma systems with respect to F and CF₂ gas-phase species.

With the progress of high power laser system, the specifications of the large-aperture optics on the low-spatial-frequency wavefront, mid-spatial-frequency wavefront, high-spatial-frequency wavefront all meet stricter requirements. To the mid-spatial-frequency wavefront, it has been researched less than others. The influence factors of the mid-spatial-frequency wavefront PSD1 error for large-aperture mirrors are analyzed in this work. The results show that the influence factors of the mid-spatial-frequency wavefront is different with the low-spatial-frequency wavefront. PV error depends on the peak and vale of film surface，Grms error is affected by the big amplitude wave of film surface, and PSD1 error is mainly caused by the small frequency wave of film surface. So it is the key to controlling the PSD1 error for large-aperture mirrors that reducing small frequency wave of film surface.

The a-C:H films were deposited on glasses with different substrate thickness (rising from 2mm to 26mm) by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD). The effect of substrate thickness to the deposition rate, structural variations of films was investigated by surface morphology device and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the deposition rate, H contents of films increase, meanwhile, I(D)/I(G), G peak position decrease and all of them show strong linear relation with the increasing substrate thickness. The a-C:H film with the highest thickness presents the highest deposition rate (37.7nm/s), nanohardness (20.2GPa), elastic modulus (118.8GPa) and lowest friction coefficient (0.266).

A KTP EOPO pumped by an AO Q-switched and SESAM mode-locked Nd³⁺: GdVO₄ laser is experimentally realized. The cavity is designed to satisfy synchronously pump. The signal trace and output powers from the OPO are experimentally measured. Based on the experiment, a dynamical rate-equation model is firstly set to simulate the operation of the Q-switched and mode-locked OPO. The theoretical values from the rate equations agree with the experimental results well. The developed model explains the behavior, which is helpful to system optimization.

The laser damage character of fused silica is studied experimentally. Firstly the distribution of the defects is presented. Furthermore, the relevancy of the laser damage character and the defects is discussed. Finally, the fluorescence of damage-occurring is explained. From the result, the way to ameliorate the laser damage character by controlling the defects is given.

An experimental study of the ignition and combustion characteristics of Al/Mg fuel-rich propellant at lower ambient pressures was performed. Measurements were obtained in a sealed vessel capable of reaching pressures as low as 0.1 atm with the application of vacuum pump. The ignition delay time was obtained by photodiodes which monitor the laser signal and flame signal; the linear burning rate of propellant was obtained by processing the continuous high-speed video images. The experimental results show that the reduction in pressure caused a longer ignition delay time, this dependence will get weaker as the externally applied heat flux increased; the linear burning rate reduced with the reduction of pressure, even reduced about 47% at 0.1atm compared to constant pressure.

High reflection films for 800nm picoseconds laser system requires broad bandwidth, which is usually about ±50nm, or even to ±70nm, and a high laser damage threshold is needed at the same time. Multilayer dielectrics using three materials Nb₂O₅/SiO₂-HfO₂/SiO₂ were fabricated by electron beam evaporation. Benefit from its high refractive index of Nb₂O₅ and the high damage threshold of HfO₂ films, the multilayer dielectrics were prepared successfully, which have more than 99.5% reflectance within bandwidth larger than 140nm around the center wavelength of 800 nm. The laser damage characteristics of the films at 150ps, 1Hz were studied, and the damage mechanism was analyzed.

In order to achieve the high precision fabrication of the large-aperture off-axis Wedged Focus Lens (WFL) for high power laser device, the involved fabrication technologies including the ultra precision grinding, the high efficiency polishing and the deterministic polishing, have been explored in this paper. Firstly, based on the configuration characteristic of WFL, the parallel grinding theory and the calculation method of CNC program were introduced. Secondly, the main factors affecting the removal efficiency were investigated and analyzed by orthogonal approach experiment in the high efficiency polishing process, which can be used for the quality control. Then, the methods for maintaining the stability of removal function and restraining the surface ripple were investigated during deterministic polishing process. Finally, a 430mm×430mm off-axis Wedged Focus Lens was manufactured using the above technologies, and the results indicated that, after polishing, the P-V, RMS, GRMS, PSD RMS1, PSD RMS2 and Rq are 0.097λ, 0.012λ (λ=632.8 nm), 5.851 nm/cm, 2.325 nm, 0.541 nm and 0.21 nm, respectively, which meet the requirement of high power laser device. Consequently, the effectiveness of the proposed key technologies is proved.

Because of its excellent optical performance, the fused silica is widely used in laser industry. In addition, the fused silica can withstand high power laser, due to its pure component, and the performance is most outstanding within all types of glasses. So fused silica can be used for optical lens in high power laser field.

From the manufacturing process stand point, the fused silica can be categorized to four types: type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ, type Ⅲ, and type Ⅳ. The fused silica of type Ⅰand type Ⅱ is made through melting silica sand in graphite furnace or oxyhydrogen flame. There are many defects in these types of fused silica, for example, the air bubbles, inclusions and metallic impurity. The other two types are made by synthetic reaction of SiCl₄ with water in oxyhydrogen or plasma flame. Both type Ⅲ and Ⅳ have excellent performance in transmittance and internal quality. However, type Ⅳof fused silica has disadvantage in small aperture and overall high manufacturing cost.

Take the transmittance and internal quality into consideration, the type Ⅲ fused silica is the most suitable for large-aperture lens, and can withstand high power laser. The systemic studies of manufacturing process were done to improve the performance of type Ⅲ fused silica in various areas, for instance, the optical homogeneity, the stress birefringence, the absorption coefficient and the damage threshold. There are four steps in manufacturing process of type Ⅲ fused silica, ingot production, reshaping, annealing and cold-working. The critical factors of ingot production, like the flame of burner and the structure of furnace, were deeply studied in this paper to improve the performance of fused silica.

On the basis of the above research, the performance and quality of the fused silica measured up to advanced world levels. For instance, the result of optical homogeneity can be controlled to 2～5 ppm, the stress birefringence is better than 4 nm/cm, the absorption coefficient is about 5.971ppm cm^-1 (1ω), the damage threshold is greater than 80, 25 and 23 J/cm² with the wavelength at 1064, 532 and 351nm respectively, the bandwidth used for measuring is 3ns.The fused silica has already been used in the area of high power laser facilities, aerospace industry, primary lens of interferometer based on its excellent performance.

The ion-beam sputtering deposition is a good technique for making low scattering coatings. In this work, the Ta₂O₅ thin films as the oxygen flux (15-35sccm) were prepared on the K9 glass using the single ion-beam sputtering. As the oxygen flux increased, the thickness of films with the same deposited time decreased from 936.67nm to 837.87nm. The refractive index was 2.075 in 1000nm at 30 sccm. The stress increased along with the increasing of oxygen flux. In the work, the compressive stress increased from 319.55 Mpa to 410.92 Mpa.

This article studies the long-term stability of Na、Mg、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Cd、Ba、Pb in the matrix effect of potassium dihydrogen phosphate tested on ICP-MS Model X-series II manufactured by ThermoFisher. The test result proves good long-term stability and reliable analysis of the instrument.

The response characteristics of the pitch polishing pad under the pressure of conditioner is the key factor which affect the control efficacy of surface figure in annular polishing. The effect of the environmental temperature and humidity, rotation speed of the pad, uploading ratio and eccentricity of the conditioner on the response characteristics of pitch polishing pad were experimental researched. To this aim, a control system of the environmental temperature and humidity on the 2.8m-aperture annular polishing machine is established. The control precision of the local environmental temperature upon the pad is up to ±0.1℃, and the control precision of humidity is up to ±1% RH. The experimental results indicate that the matching degree of the pad and the conditioner decides the changing rule of the surface figure of workpiece with the eccentricity of the conditioner. The new adjustable parameters including the environmental temperature and humidity and the uploading ratio of the conditioner were introduced to change the matching degree and improve the controllability of the of the surface figure. Under the optimized process, the long-term stability of the surface figure of the meter-scale optical element is realized using the 2.8m annular polishing machine, which is an important step for the final realization of the deterministic processing in the large-aperture annular polishing.

Higher accuracy of optical surface measurement is needed with the rapid development of optical industry and technology, especially in the field of optical manufacture and optical metrology. Fizeau interferometery is widely recognized as one of the most important measurement techniques currently in use. Results of the Fizeau interferometeric testing contain the reference surface errors and test surface errors. The test accuracy is restricted by the error of reference surface. As a result, so-called absolute flatness testing technology must be used to eliminate the system error such as reference surface error and higher accuracy of the surface profile testing. In this paper, the theory formula of even and odd functions is deduced, and the method are programmed for simulation. Based on HOOL phase-shifting interferometer, experiments are done to achieve high accuracy flatness measurement. The experiment shows that with high-accuracy interferometer, absolute flatness testing technology can effectively calibrate reference surface and improve the accuracy of flatness surface testing. An important result of this experiment is that the accuracy of the test surface can be reached λ/50.

A high-efficiency, high-repetition-rate burst-mode 1064 nm laser under pulsed 878.6 nm laser diode pumping is demonstrated. Pulses at repetition rates ranging from 10 kHz to 100 kHz are produced during the time period of 1 ms pumping duration by using an acousto-optical Q-switch. The maximum pulse burst energy of 44 mJ at 10 kHz is obtained at the incident pump power of 108.5 mJ, yielding an optical-to-optical efficiency of 40.5%. The shortest pulse width at 10 kHz is 9.4 ns at the maximum pump energy of 108.5 mJ. The peak powers are estimated to be ~468.1 kW and 30.1 kW at 10 kHz and 100 kHz in the burst-mode oscillator.

Fundus camera is widely used in screening and diagnosis of retinal disease. It is a simple, and widely used medical equipment. Early fundus camera expands the pupil with mydriatic to increase the amount of the incoming light, which makes the patients feel vertigo and blurred. Nonmydriatic fundus camera is a trend of fundus camera. Desktop fundus camera is not easy to carry, and only suitable to be used in the hospital. However, portable nonmydriatic retinal camera is convenient for patient self-examination or medical stuff visiting a patient at home. This paper presents a portable nonmydriatic fundus camera with the field of view (FOV) of 40°, Two kinds of light source are used, 590nm is used in imaging, while 808nm light is used in observing the fundus in high resolving power. Ring lights and a hollow mirror are employed to restrain the stray light from the cornea center. The focus of the camera is adjusted by reposition the CCD along the optical axis. The range of the diopter is between -20m^-1 and 20m^-1.

The radiation characteristics in millimeter-wave band of the metal objects are complicated particularly those with complex three-dimensional structures. The complicated electromagnetic environment, in which the stereoscopic metal objects reflect the radiation energy in all directions with arbitrary incident angles, makes this problem even more challenging. In this paper, the surface panel method and the ray tracing theory are used to analyze the bins of the stereoscopic metal targets surface and their corresponding radiation sources in the reflection path. In addition, in 3mm band the radiometric images of the metal ball and the metal column are given by practical measurements. By comparing the single radiation scanning curves of the selected metal targets, the influence of the three-dimensional structures on the brightness temperature was analyzed and verified. Furthermore, the differences of the radiation patterns of different stereoscopic structures are also summarized.

Carbon fiber composites have been wildly used in aerospace industry due to the excellent performance. However, the research on defect evolution law and the performance analysis have been limited by the lack of effective tools. Two kinds of computed tomography (CT) slice images of carbon fiber composites, x-ray attenuation contrast and phase contrast, were obtained with the diffraction enhancement imaging (DEI) device at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). The structure details and the defects in the sample could be clearly distinguished from the image. Moreover, phase contrast CT provides higher contrast and can identify the defects difficult to be recognized in attenuation contrast CT. DEI provides a method for in-situ observation of the carbon fiber composites and would be a valuable tool for the development of carbon fiber composite material.

With the progresses of material sciences and technologies, carbon fiber composite shell-plate structures have been widely used in aerospace industry. Suffering from the drastic change of penetration thickness during the 360°scanning, conventional computed tomography (CT) is difficult to be applied to this kind of structures with a big length-width-thickness ratio, and not easy to implement the defect detection and the performance analysis. Based on the existing diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) device at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility beam-line 4W1A, a new computed laminography (CL) scanning system was designed and developed. It was integrated with the DEI device to form a synchrotron radiation DEI-CL system for plate-shell structures. Within this system, the components such as light source, detector and turntable and the working principle were discussed in detail. The experiment results of a decimeter-scale carbon fiber composite laminate sample validate the developed scanning system.

Among the X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) techniques, both propagation-based and grating-based micro-tomography recently dominate the non-destructive three-dimensional inner-structure measurement in biomedical research, especially for visualizing tiny density variations in soft tissues and organs. In order to quantitatively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of both techniques for comprehensive application through carrying out a comparison study of high energy propagation-based micro-tomography with generalized phase-and-attenuation duality (PAD) phase retrieval and Talbot grating interferometer-based micro-tomography, implemented with two biomedical specimens, mouse fetus and rat brain, on the basis of synchrotron radiation facility. We find that the grating-based micro-tomography is superior in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) or the mass density resolution, and inferior in the spatial resolution (SR), compared with that of propagation-based micro-tomography. We found that for achieving a given CNR, the grating-based micro-tomography applies about 1.5 times radiation dose involved as compared to the propagation-based micro-tomography with PAD phase retrieval. Additionally, the complex coherent degrees of light source related to the both techniques were duly taken into account in the analysis of their SR comparison. Finally, the mass density distribution of soft biomedical specimens can be estimated using our presented method preliminarily. Our work gives indications for applications and developments of phase sensitive micro-tomography for soft biomedical specimens and low-Z materials.

Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has attracted significant attentions in the past years due to its capability in achieving x-ray phase contrast imaging with low brilliance source. The reverse projection (RP) method is a novel fast and low dose information extraction approach, which bases on the linear approximation of the shifting curve around its half-slope. However, when the refraction angle is beyond the linear range of the shifting curve, the extracted information is no longer credible. In this paper, we present an improved retrieval method by calculating an inverse function. Compared with the original retrieval method, our method does not rely on the first order approximation, and thus is suitable for large refraction angle. Theoretical derivations and numerical simulations are performed to confirm the accuracy of the method.

In this paper, the feasibility of a sCMOS camera for astrometric exoplanet detection space mission was evaluated and the evaluation methods were also studied. A 2k x 2k single-chip sCMOS camera was installed on the metrology testbed for the space mission. The pixel size of the detector is 11μm, corresponding to 1.86 arcsec on the focal plane. The sCMOS camera runs with a electronic rolling shutter. We tested the performance of the camera in detail, including the gain, linearity, readout noise, dark current, pixel response non-uniformity, etc.. The data acquisition performance for the pseudo-star and the interference fringes are also studied.

Cryo soft X-ray tomography (Cryo-SXT) is a valuable tool for high-resolution three dimensional (3D) imaging of cells in near-native preservation state. Cryo-immobilization of cells based on rapid cryogenic freezing is crucial to obtain good imaging in Cryo-SXT. In order to acquire high contrast image of live cells, it need to prepare the specimen ice as thin as possible. However, as the thickness of the ice layer is further reduced, the live cells may be destroyed during the tilt series data collection of 3D imaging due to radiation. Thus, it is essential to seek out a proper thickness range of the ice layer to get high contrast image without radiation damage of cells. For further understanding the relationship between thickness of ice layer and degree of radiation damage, yeast cells with different thickness of ice layer were imaged using Cryo-SXT. Finally the ice layer with thickness about 10 μm was confirmed to be proper for good imaging.

Energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is a promising technique in security screening. The study focuses on the collimators optimization to achieve the highest system sensitivity under certain spatial and angular resolution requirements. The effects of system parameters on the resolution have been studied using an efficient and simple simulation method. The angular resolution requirements play the major limiting role when the length of the collimator is small, while the spatial resolution limit the sensitivity and the angular resolution requirements are automatically satisfied with the increasing of the collimator’s length. Several other suggestions on the EDXRD system designs are also proposed.

Temperature is a critical parameter to diagnose the high temperature hypersonic combustion flow. A fiber-spectrometer based measurement system and the correlated theoretical models to measure the radiation temperature of the “optical thick” hypersonic combustion flow were established in this paper. The spectral responsivity of the fiber-spectrometer based measurement system was measured at NIM in lab condition, and the spectral radiance and emissivity of the hypersonic combustion flow were measured in-situ at the combustion wind tunnel of BISLMV. Preliminary experimental results showed the spectral emissivity of the combustion flow was about 0.1 in the spectral range 500-800nm without strong spectral selection, which resulted in the radiation temperature about 2200 K, with relative standard uncertainty about 10%.

In the present study, phosphorescent imaging technique was developed to achieve simultaneous measurements of droplet size, speed and temperature of dispersed droplets in spray flow ejected from an air-blast nozzle. By using phosphorescent molecules as the tracers excited by an ultraviolet laser sheet for the quantitative flow measurements, the detected images of tagged phosphorescent molecules at two successive times determine the dynamic and thermodynamic behaviors of dispersed particles. A PTV based method was used to analyze the droplets size, trajectory and speed, and a lifetime based approach was used to measure the cross-correlated droplets temperature. The experimental results demonstrated phosphorescent imaging technique behaves the potential to widely used and well suited for spray measurement and droplet characterization.

Illuminant is a porous media consisting of powder materials. The flame of illuminant seems continuous, but in fact the flame is made up of a substantial number of burning particles, and the burning particles determine the temperature distribution of the flame. In this paper, the distribution of the burning particles was first studied using a high speed camera. Then a model of the temperature field of illuminant flame was established based on the equation of heat conduction and the distribution function of the burning particles. The temperature field of the illuminant flame was predicted by the model and the highest temperature was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The model was validated by the experimental results using an infrared thermometer. The results indicate that a good match has been achieved between the experimental data and the model predicted flame temperature field of the illuminant based on the distribution of burning particles.

Based on analyzing the condition of transmission through high density plasma and its ionization front, and the theory of detecting plasma with holographic interferometer, diagnostic experiments of ionization front and plasma ionized by high laser electric field has been reported in this paper. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer with the femosecond laser of center wavelength of 800nm and pulse duration of 58fs has been used to get interference images in CCD camera. By Abel inversion, the density map of plasma has been obtained based on the interference image. Evolution pictures of ionization front within the time or propagation distance have been reported and ionization front’s size has been estimated with the help of 4mm diameter of nozzle. One good diagnosis method for ionization front and plasma has been given within these experiments.

The hyperspectral data of the Ejina Oasis is performed dimensionality reduction by the minimum noise fraction transform, classified by the maximum likelihood method and clustering processing and finally, the classification of land coverage is obtained. The thesis analyzes the results of two dimensionality reductions, and finds the superiority of the minimum noise fraction. In the classification of land coverage, the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient are respectively 87.75% and 0.8401. The classification is of high precision and can provide effective parameters for ecological research.

Objects with well-defined closed boundary can be discriminated by looking at the norm of gradients. With suitable resizing of their corresponding image windows into a small fixed size(8×8), and further binarized the normed gradients (BING) of images can describe the generic objectness measure. Inspired by the “BING” and considered the character that the artifical targets have many obvious corner points, in this paper we propose to predict candidate windows based on corner points instead of non-maximal suppression the BING used. We can generate a small set of high quality target windows and yield 96.2% object detection rate (DR) like the BING dose but need only half time. This is because of the number of corner point is much less than the number of non-maximal suppression point. Our method generate a small set of high quality target window.

Straw burning has great influence on ambient air quality. In this paper, we study the advantages of satellite remote sensing monitoring technology, extract the straw burning and aerosol remote sensing monitoring results from the MODIS data during Sep-Oct-Nov 2013 in Northeast China. We analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of straw burning and aerosol in autumn, and study through the statistics and relevant analysis method for the quantitative straw burning in northeast China's impact on local air quality. The results show that the monthly change of straw burning and AOD in the autumn of 2013 has a high consistency, from which in October the straw burning is the most frequent, aerosol pollution is also the most serious. And the straw burning point distribution density area and the AOD high value area are basically consistent with the space position. Furthermore, every increase of a straw burning point can make the monthly average AOD of the three provinces of northeast China increases by 0.0006.

The inherent optical property is a significant bridge between the hyperspectral remote sensing data and water color and water quality parameters. Based on the water optical radiation transfer process and existing quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA), this study provides an improved algorithm, namely a linear spectral backscattering coefficient constraint quasianalytical algorithm (LSBCC-QAA), suitable for the retrieval of inherent optical properties for turbid inland waters to address the deficiency of the QAA on the retrieval of inherent optical properties for turbid inland waters. LSBCC-QAA uses the water-leaving reflectance of the bands between 1600 and 1700 nm to estimate the water surface reflectance of the bands between 400 and 900 nm and selects 700~850 nm as the reference wavelengths to estimate the water backscattering coefficients, taking full advantage of the continuity of the backscattering coefficient spectrum. The preliminary validated results show that the particle absorption coefficient, particle backscattering coefficient and phytoplankton absorption coefficient retrieved by LSBCC-QAA are more consistent with the actual situation than those retrieved by the common QAA_v6 algorithm or QAA-Turbid algorithm. Compared with the measured particle diffuse attenuation coefficient, the error of the LSBCC-QAA retrieved particle diffuse attenuation coefficient ranges from 16.0% to 22.9%, and the average error is 18.4%.

Eccentric angle between IMU and the collimation axis of airborne sensor is one of main reasons causing geometric correction error. Currently, the application of the hyperspectral and LIDAR integrated system are greatly affected by lack of universal calibration methods which can calibrate the hyperspectral data and LiDAR data simultaneously. An eccentric angle calibration model for hyperspectral and LiDAR integrated system is proposed, meanwhile a self-calibration method using “#” shaped flight strip is designed to validate the new calibration model. Firstly, the homogeneous points are searched from all geometrically corrected flight strips by automatic matching methods. Secondly, control points obtained by averaging the coordinates of the homogeneous points are applied to solve the calibration model to get the eccentric angle. Finally, the point clouds are corrected geometrically with the solved eccentric angle, then the above steps are repeated until the solved eccentric angles are stable. An experiment was carried to testify the new calibration model and resolving method, which shows that the proposed model is of high-precision, validity and the resolving method is of fast convergence. The airborne sensors can acquire a plane precision of 0.807 m (about 1.2 pixels) without any ground control points, and the LiDAR can acquire a plane precision of 0.437 m and elevation precision of 0.15m.

We use four plane mirrors with their sides perpendicular to each other, use a single camera to take a shot, and by analyzing the mirror images in parallel mirrors, it can realize the contour collection of objects. In this paper, the imaging principle of single camera combined with single plane mirror and a pair of parallel plane mirrors is analyzed and compared, and the image center coordinate of pixel depth is eliminated, and multi-facet mirror are used to eliminate the error point. The experimental results show that the contour of the model can also be obtained without using the image center, and with less errors points on reconstructed surface.

In this paper, we study a compact double wedge depolarizer for grating imaging spectrometers. Based on introduction of its working principle, the general relationship between polarization sensitivity of an optical system and the structural parameters of depolarizer is established by means of Muller matrix and Stokes vector. Through numerical analysis it is pointed out that the depolarizer has the best depolarization performance with appropriate crystal thickness when the angle of the first wedge crystal optical axis is 45° respect to grating groove orientation and the two optical axis of the crystal is mutually orthogonal. Finally, an example, a depolarizer for grating imaging spectrometers is designed and its performance is evaluated.

In recent years, the detection of pesticide residues is an important research field in China. Traditional methods which include biochemical methods and chromatography methods have high requirement for the experimental environment. Thus traditional methods cannot complete tasks in a short time. NIR spectrum represents physical features of matters and pesticide residues on fruit can change the NIR spectrum reflected by surface. It is feasible to make sure that if there is pesticide residues on fruit or not by analyzing the NIR spectrum reflected by surface. The method of spectrum analysis is easy to conduct and faster than traditional methods.

In order to solve the need for PC software of aerial imaging spectrometer USB3.0 high-speed large-capacity data acquisition system development. The project bases on MFC and DirectDraw technology by VS2010 development environment. The system can complete imaging spectrometer data acquisition , data storage and real-time imaging to monitor through the parsing of the spectral image data protocol. In addition, this paper also analyzes the factors that affect data acquisition bottleneck from computer architecture and software. The test results show that the PC acquisition platform can stabilize at 1.28 Gpbs data acquisition speed of some aerial imaging spectrometer requirements .It’s a new Light-weight and compact, low-cost and universal data acquisition approach for aerial imaging spectrometer.

A space-borne differential optical absorption spectrometer is a high precision aerospace optical remote sensor. It obtains the hyper-spectral，high spatial resolution radiation information by using the spectrometer with CCD（Charge Coupled Device）array detectors. Since a few CCDs are used as the key detector, the performance of the entire instrument is greatly affected by working condition of CCDs. The temperature of CCD modules has a great impact on the instrument measurement accuracy. It requires strict temperature control. The selection of the thermal conductive filler sticking CCD to the radiator is important in the CCD thermal design. Besides，due tothe complex and compact structure, it needs to take into account the anti-pollution of the optical system. Therefore, it puts forward high requirements on the selection of the conductive filler. In this paper, according to the structure characteristics of the CCD modules and the distribution of heat consumption, the thermal analysis tool I-DEAS/TMG is utilized to compute and simulate the temperature level of the CCD modules, while filling in thermal grease and thermal pad respectively. The temperature distribution of CCD heat dissipation in typical operating conditions is obtained. In addition, the heat balance test was carried out under the condition of two kinds of thermal conductive fillers. The thermal control of CCD was tested under various conditions, and the results were compared with the results of thermal analysis. The results show that there are some differences in thermal performance between the two kinds of thermal conductive fillers. Although they both can meet the thermal performance requirements of the instrument, either would be chosen taking account of other conditions and requirements such as anti-pollution and insulation. The content and results of this paper will be a good reference for the thermal design of the CCD in the aerospace optical payload.

We define one kind of new correlation, i.e. random phase correlation, which based on the Random Fourier Transform (RFT). An optical pattern recognition system, random phase filtering, is given according to random phase correlation. Furthermore its electro-optical setup is given for the application in image recognition. By the numerical simulation on computer, when the, we have found the proposed random phase filter can recognize the small change of object image and has higher recognition capability comparing of other three conventional correlators, the classical marched filter, the phase-only filter and the pure phase correlator.

Dynamic Acquisition of multi-spectral light field image with high resolution, is a conundrum in Computational Photography. In this paper, we propose a multispectral imaging system based on multi-view light field rendering. The hardware system architecture consists of equidistantly fixed camera array and various spectral filters, and we use an algorithm based on frequency domain pyramid decomposition to calculate the disparity at different view angles. So we can realize the cross-channel image matching so as to obtain the single- view image under the multi-spectral channel and achieve the high-resolution real-time multi-spectral imaging.

Spectral stability characteristic parameter analysis is the basis of all the quantitative information extraction in hyperspectral image. The results show that the stability of the spectral parameters used in the spectral identification has a great influence on the efficiency of mineral identification. A mineral recognition method for hyperspectral remote sensing image based on spectral stability characteristic parameter is introduced. First, reference spectrum spectral peaks and valleys positions were extracted, then calculates the measured spectra corresponding spectral wavelength and reference spectrum of each with a characteristic peak and valley of the correlation coefficient, basis of comparison of two spectral similarity to determine the matching effect of the two spectra, in order to achieve the best mineral identification precision and accuracy. Gansu Beishan Shijinpo gold mining area as an example, the mineral identification map was obtained. After field verification, it was confirmed that the method has higher accuracyon the mineral recognition.

The paper combines with three fields push-broom-type sensor, which is independently developed by Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and with the use of full color light source, reflected mirror, rotating table, parallel light tube, image acquisition software, computers and other laboratory equipment to create a geometric calibration method. The method aimed at three fields’ push-broom- type sensor imaging system, and we can get the geometric calibration raw data. The geometric calibration method can provide a method to establish an image mosaic model, and provide basic data for the geometric correction[1] about image distortion.

This paper proposed a hyperspectral feature mapping classification algorithm based on mathematical morphology. Without the priori information such as spectral library etc., the spectral and spatial information can be used to realize the hyperspectral feature mapping classification. The mathematical morphological erosion and dilation operations are performed respectively to extract endmembers. The spectral feature mapping algorithm is used to carry on hyperspectral image classification. The hyperspectral image collected by AVIRIS is applied to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm is compared with minimum Euclidean distance mapping algorithm, minimum Mahalanobis distance mapping algorithm, SAM algorithm and binary encoding mapping algorithm. From the results of the experiments, it is illuminated that the proposed algorithm’s performance is better than that of the other algorithms under the same condition and has higher classification accuracy.

The space-borne Environment Monitoring Instrument detects the Earth's surface radiation from ultraviolet to visible band, and it could be used to inverse the trace gas concentrations of target area. To obtain the 1b radiation data products, raw measurement data (level 0 data) should be corrected and modulated. Based on CCD detectors and payload’s characteristics, the electronic correction processing flow and data correction algorithm are proposed, and dark current, electronic offset, Smear and PRNU are also corrected. By using this algorithm, the ground level 0 test data are corrected. The result shows that the corrected data can improve the accuracy of the data; it can be used to process the data which are measured in orbit observation; it strongly guarantees the formation of further level 2 data products.

According to the characters of complex hyperspectral data, sparsity technique is introduced to deep convolutional neural network to handle feature extraction and classification problems. Combining sparse unsupervised learning method with neural network model, it is possible to get a good, sparse representation of the spectral information so that deep CNN model could extract feature information hierarchically and effectively. EPLS algorithm is applied in this paper to combine population sparsity and lifetime sparsity with the advantages of extracting deep feature information of CNN model to get a fine classification model. In the experiment, two hyperspectral data sets are applied for the proposed method, and the results demonstrate fine classification performances of the model.

To achieve airborne wide-field hyperspectral remote sensing, we often use a way of splice two or more detectors. This paper proposes a new whiskbroom hyperspectral imaging system with using a motion structure scanning to obtain a wide-field hyperspectral data. In the meantime, aircraft’s attitude disturbance could be compensated. Compared with field splicing, the system reduces complexity and cost of optical structure. We provide a new method to realize significant airborne wide-field, high-resolution remote sensing spectral imaging.

China's environmental situation is still grim, environmental pressure continues to increase. The demand of environmental protection work in the new era for high resolution remote sensing application will continue to increase. Environmental monitoring has multi factor, quantitative inversion and high precision as features, environment department need to use a wide spectrum of remote sensing data with high spectral resolution capability to monitor the total amount of pollutants in macro scale and long time series. The implementation of the high resolution earth observation project provides support for the improvement of the quantitative application of environmental remote sensing. On the basis of sorting out the key work of environmental protection, the application requirements of high spectral resolution and high spatial resolution satellite remote sensing in the field of environmental protection and the building needs of national environmental remote sensing application platform are put forward.

As a key component of the hyperspectral imager, the use of high frame frequency CCD was more and more widely. CCD working principle was analyzed. Methods to realize high frame frequency and image programmable online were presented. Hardware driver design was designed. The image with high visibility, whose frame frequency was more than 320 Hz, noise was below 75e-, dynamic range was superior to 70dB, was acquired by the CCD. Based on the operating characteristic of the CCD, the temperature experiment was designed. Through the experiment, the relation curve of dark level and noise with the CCD detector temperature was given, which was helpful for the later image correction.

Current analysis was an important research content for reducing power of cryocooler’s controller. Simulation was done among load current, H bridge current and power current refer to 42V bus power voltage. Then relationship among I_L1, I_C1, ρ and I_M1 was established. Simulation results indicate that I_L1-max, I_L1-ave, I_L1-rms, I_C1-min and _IC1-ave were linearly increasing to ρ and I_M1, especially I_L1-rms ≈ 0.612ρ I_M1-max . I_C1-rms increase firstly then decrease with the increasing of ρ. I_C1-rms reaches maximum when ρ=0.8, then I_CL-rms =(12.32/R_M1 + 0.98) exp ^{-((ρ-0.78)/0.57)2}. The results were useful for miniaturizing cryocooler’s controller.

Since the spectral imaging technology emerged, it has gained a lot of application achievements in the military field, precision agriculture and biomedical science. When the fluorescence spectrum imaging first applied to the detection of the feature resource of Chinese herbal medicine, the characteristics of holistic and ambiguity made it a new approach to the traditional Chinese medicine testing. In this paper, we applied this method to study the Chinese medicine north and south isatis root granules by comparing their fluorescence spectra. Using cluster analysis, the results showed that the north and south Banlangen can not be divided by ascription. And these indicate that there is a large difference in the quality of Banlangen granules on the market, and fluorescence spectrum imaging method can be used in monitoring the quality of radix isatidis granules.

TMS320C54X series DSP which TI Company produces has applied in communication domain,The series has many merits,such as low power consumption and high parallel,which satisfied the request of real-time processing in communication domain. This paper has mainly explained a kind of design scheme for data fusion system based on TMS320C5402, and briefly given a design method of making use of UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) TL16C654 and FPGA to implement the communication with other terminal devices. Both C language and assembly language are adopted to carry out software design, which makes program much transplantable. The results demonstrate that the system runs steadily and realtime communication among subsystems have been accomplished perfectly.

The technique of the star image simulation is widely used to test star identification algorithms and the performance of star sensor on the ground. A novel INS data based approach to ship-borne star map simulation is put forward in this paper. The simulation procedure consists of three steps: Firstly, the exact speed and position of the ship in the Conventional Inertial System(CIS) are calculated via the INS data; and then the ship attitude matrix is obtained. Secondly, considering the azimuth angle and elevation angle of the star sensor, the accurate positions of the selected guide stars on the image plane of the star sensor are derived by constructing a pinhole model. At the third, the gray values of simulating star image pixels are evaluated according to the 2D Gaussian distribution law. In order to simulate the star image precisely and actually, the image smear has been considered. Based on the proposed star image simulation approach, the effects of image smear on star sensor recognition capability have been analyzed in different exposure time.

We present an approach to spectropolarimetry with no moving parts. The approach encode the polarization information at each wavelength along the spatial dimension of a two dimension date array using static, robust double combo wedges modulator, and realize the measurement of full Stokes parameters. Firstly, the paper present the principle of spatial modulating spectrometry and its configuration; Secondly, the measurement matrix is derivate at different configuration of double combo wedges; Finally, measurement error distribution of Stokes parameters in different measurement matrix is calculated using least squares method, and the analyzer angle of polarizer is given with the minimum variance for each Stokes parameters.

Conventional wavelength modulation spectroscopy is improved by logarithmic-transformed data processing for trace gas sensing. Via the logarithmic-transformation, the optic intensity modulation is isolated from the gas absorption induced laser power attenuation, and then the optic intensity modulation is offset by its equivalent which is obtained from a referenced beam. The method is validated by the detection of P(6) NH₃-absorption line in a stainless tube with effective path length of 24.5 cm, under room temperature (296 K) and atmospheric pressure (1.01e5 Pa). The second harmonic is recovered while the residual amplitude modulation and distortion of curve are eliminated. A 0.7 ppm (part per million) detection limit is inferred on the assumption that the signal is equal with the noise.

Impulsive noise usually has adverse effect on image processing. It has been proved that adaptive median filter is effective to impulsive noise removal. However, high percentage impulsive noise is still a challenge to adaptive median filter. Thus, a sequential median filter is proposed in this paper. Adaptive median filter and median filter are combined in sequence to handle high percentage impulsive noise. Moreover, variable window sizes are employed in the sequential median filter. Experimental results indicate that the sequential median filter is effective for high percentage impulsive noise removal.

The cavity theory model was proposed to discuss the wavelength tuning. The coupling efficiency between semiconductor gain chip and FBG has great influence on the output characteristics. The mode coupling theory and ZEMAX numerical simulation software are used to get the coupling efficiency curves, which are changed with alignment errors. The results show that the conical lensed fiber’s coupling efficiency is highest, and adjustment tolerance is largest. We also completed the experiment of center wavelength tuning and beam quality.

The Day Night Band (DNB), mounted on the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP), has the unique ability to image cloud and surface features with reflected moonlight and nonlunar nighttime illumination sources. However, the radiometric calibration is too difficult to be calculated directly at night due to extremely low radiance. The Dome C in Antarctic and Railroad Valley Playa in Nevada are utilized to calibrate the DNB High Gain Stage (HGS) at night due to their invariable surface properties. The mean value of the relative errors based on Dome C site is -7.41% and RVP is -4.14%. The results suggest that there is an average bias in the DNB HGS on-orbit calibration and an unobvious trend exists due to the changing relative spectral responses over time.

With the emergence of strong light source, laser weapons in the modern war, the threat of damage to the photoelectric sensor and the human eye, the laser protection technology has begun to be paid attention to and widespread concern. In the laser protective materials, we can divide it into the protective material based on the principle of linear optics and the protective material based on the principle of nonlinear optics. In this paper, two different mechanisms of laser protective materials are introduced, and their development and application are reviewed.

Quantum dots (QDs) is a new material with special photoelectric properties, whose optical nonlinearity is potentially and widely applied in laser protection and photoelectric devices. This thesis concludes the research progresses on quantum dots’s composition and superficial decoration means in organic polymer system and its linear and nonlinear effects and introduces the researches on the application of quantum dots.

In order to filter out the noise points of the medical spine model effectively and keep the details of the model better, a model-based denoising adaptive diffusion method based on multi-scale bilateral filter is proposed. This method firstly extracts the contour lines of the 3D model of the spine by using bilateral filter in multi-scale conditions, and then designs and improves the adaptive diffusion coefficient so as to optimize and control the whole diffusion process. Then, according to the discreteness of the image, the corresponding discrete iterative equations are established to discretize the iterative process, and the iteration stopping criterion is designed to make the denoising and smoothing image model stop the iteration when the correlation between that image model and the noise is the minimum, and finally to establish the spine image denoising model. After compared with the experimental results of the classical PM method, Catte method and other methods, this method achieves good filtering effect in denoising, and also preserves the edge detail features of medical image, much better than traditional filtering algorithm.

A multilayer structure of microbial cells can result in the multiple attenuation of electromagnetic waves, making the biological particles have a strong ability of extinction. And the activity of microorganism is also an important factor that affects the change of laser transmittance. In this paper, the dynamic change of the transmittance of 632.8nm laser in biological materials is measured. The results show that: when the biological material is stimulated by the laser, the stress response occurs, and the movement of escaping light is the main factor of causing the change of the transmittance. This provides a reference for the further development of the biological extinction materials.

To satisfy requirements of remote sensing satellite data transmission . Considering link margin is not fully utilized by fixed rate methods , development research on link adaptive transmission for remote sensing satellite to improve efficiency of link resources using . Simulation and calculation results show the data throughtput of link adaptation is 2.62 times than conventional method.

Mass sensing based on monitoring the frequency shifts induced by added mass in oscillators is a well-known and widely used technique. The optomechanical crystal cavity has strong interaction between optical mode and mechanical mode. Radiation pressure driven optomechanical crystal cavity are excellent candidates for mass detection due to their simplicity, sensitivity and all optical operation. In an optomechanical crystal cavity, a high quality factor optical mode simultaneously serves as an efficient actuator and a sensitive probe for precise monitoring the mechanical frequency change of the cavity structure. Here, a split-nanobeam optomechanical crystal cavity is proposed, the sensing resolution as small as 0.33ag (1ag=10^-21kg) and the frequency shift is more than 30MHz. This is important and promising for achieve ultimate-precision mass sensing including proteins and other molecules.

During traditional multi-resolution infrared and visible image fusion processing, the low contrast ratio target may be weakened and become inconspicuous because of the opposite DN values in the source images. So a novel target pseudo-color enhanced image fusion algorithm based on the modified attention model and fast discrete curvelet transformation is proposed. The interesting target regions are extracted from source images by introducing the motion features gained from the modified attention model, and source images are performed the gray fusion via the rules based on physical characteristics of sensors in curvelet domain. The final fusion image is obtained by mapping extracted targets into the gray result with the proper pseudo-color instead. The experiments show that the algorithm can highlight dim targets effectively and improve SNR of fusion image.

Backscatter visibility lidar has been installed at Yuyang (UYN) airport for precise measurements of visibility. The present study conducted the first experiments to compare visibility results of different measurement instruments involving backscatter visibility lidar. The present study introduced the system structure of the backscatter visibility lidar, and then compared the visibility data under different weather conditions viz., haze-fog, snow, dust and rain. The results of the backscatter visibility lidar are superior to the forward scatter meter in all kinds of weather conditions. The measurement results of the backscatter type visibility meter had little deviation from the transmissometer and the manual visual measurement under haze-fog weather. Under the rain and dust weather conditions, the deviation of the results measured by backscatter visibility lidar were larger than transmissometer and the manual observed, but the deviation was still less than the forward scatter visibility meter. The result should be confirmed by more experiments under different weather conditions.

With further research on the micro channel-plate(MCP) photoelectric multiple structure of anodized transmission of composite waveguide applied in Free-Space Optical communication, the disadvantage of the models have been found. Firstly, some analyzes about the constraint conditions and performance of the MCP photoelectric multiple structure of composite waveguide have been conducted. Secondly, one device model based on one grid-controlled structure of composite waveguide has been introduced and verifiable experiments have been conducted as a support. Then, the capability of electron transport of two structures is compared by theoretical analyzes. Lastly, the difference between performances of these two structures has been confirmed by verifiable experiments with optical axis positioning by four-quadrant in a vacuum. Results of the experiment have showed that the grid-controlled structure of composite waveguide would be likely to be widely applied in the special detection for its advantages in the future.

A high speed, high resolution spectrum measurement system based on fiber-spectrometer was built to diagnose the high temperature hypersonic combustion flow. The theoretical models of the spectral radiance and transmittance of the hypersonic combustion flow were established in this paper. The spectral radiance and transmittance of the hypersonic combustion flow were measured at the combustion wind tunnel of BISLMV. Preliminary experiments showed that the spectral radiance behaved not like typical gas radiation but have a continuous spectrum, and the spectral transmittance of the combustion gas flow was about 0.9 in the spectral range 500-900nm without strong spectral selection. The results obtained in this paper will benefit the surface temperature measurement of the thermal protection materials of space vehicle tested at BISLMV.

Human visual system (HVS) can detect the target utilizing the contrast of the target and the surrounding background under a low SNR, it is not only sensitive to the local contrast in space domain, but also in time domain. The existing infrared small target detection methods based on HVS are mainly based on the local contrast in space domain, while the false alarm caused by the background clutter could be serious. In consideration of this problem, an infrared small target detection method based on visual spatio-temporal contrast measure (STLCM) is proposed. At the first stage, a temporal local contrast measure (TLCM) was presented. At the second stage, visual spatio-temporal contrast measure was derived by the fusion of the local contrast in time and space domain, then an adaptive threshold was adopted in the saliency map of STLCM to segment the target. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is superior in compressing the false alarm and efficient in different conditions.

Photometric measurement is an important way to identify the space debris, but the present methods of photometric measurement have many constraints on star image and need complex image processing. Aiming at the problems, a statistical learning modeling method for space debris photometric measurement is proposed based on the global consistency of the star image, and the statistical information of star images is used to eliminate the measurement noises. First, the known stars on the star image are divided into training stars and testing stars. Then, the training stars are selected as the least squares fitting parameters to construct the photometric measurement model, and the testing stars are used to calculate the measurement accuracy of the photometric measurement model. Experimental results show that, the accuracy of the proposed photometric measurement model is about 0.1 magnitudes.

This paper briefly introduces the basic working principle of auto-gating power source. Due to the presence of noise in the circuit, the cathode pulse signal generated by the AD converter is unstable. In this paper, the circuit of the AD converter is adjusted to improve the instability of the cathode high voltage pulse signal, especially in the case of low light and high illumination to avoid the jitter of the pulse. The experiment was carried out. And it could guide the implementation of this part of the circuit.

In the infrared small target detection system, CFAR (Constant False Alarm Rate) is a commonly used technology, but in the traditional single frame detection method, detection rate is requested to be improved while the false alarm rate is increasing. This paper proposes a threshold attenuation CFAR detection method based on Gauss distribution. After the preprocessing of infrared images, we came into the designing of CFAR detector based on Gauss distribution. According to the previous frame target location and attenuation of local threshold, the detection rate of the target neighbourhood can be improved to obtain the current target location. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively control the threshold, and under the precondition that the background clutter was suppressed by the global low false alarm rate, it can improve the local detection rate and reduce the probability of target loss.

We propose a sub-wavelength structure on vanadium oxide film as an extra absorption layer (i.e. absorber) based on surface plasmon resonance effects, enhancing dual-band absorption in both middle wavelength infrared (MWIR) and long wavelength infrared (LWIR) region. Simulation results show that the absorber with disk structure has two absorption peaks at wavelengths λ=4.8μm and λ=9μm with the absorption magnitudes more than 0.98 and 0.94 in MWIR and LWIR region, respectively. Similarly, simulation results show that the absorber with square structure has two absorption peaks at wavelengths λ=4.8μm and λ=9.2μm with the absorption magnitudes more than 0.99 and 0.99 in MWIR and LWIR region, respectively.

In the field of deep space science detection and high resolution earth observation, a relatively high motion velocity is often generated between the optical camera and the imaging target. Images obtained during the exposure time can produce image motion blur, which becomes one of the main obstacles to acquire high resolution image near the target. As an extended task of the third phase of China’s lunar exploration program, flight imaging of the planned sampling area of Chang’e-5 was carried out. A dual resolution camera with a wide field of view (FOV) camera and a narrow FOV camera was used for imaging mission. High flying speed causes the generation of large motion blurred images captured by the narrow FOV camera and the motion blur can be up to around 30 pixels. To deal with this problem, we analyzed the image features of the blurred images captured by the narrow FOV camera, and proposed a corresponding method that can estimate image motion value from the blurred lunar image based on small craters detection scheme and then adopted the regularization method to restore the image. The algorithm is applied in the batch processing of the real blurred lunar images and has achieved a significant restored effect.

An imaging system’s spatial quality can be expressed by the system’s modulation spread function (MTF) as a function of spatial frequency in terms of the linear response theory. Methods have been proposed to assess the MTF of an imaging system using point, slit or edge techniques. The edge method is widely used for the low requirement of targets. However, the traditional edge methods are limited by the edge angle. Besides, image noise will impair the measurement accuracy, making the measurement result unstable. In this paper, a novel measurement method based on the support vector machine (SVM) is proposed. Image patches with different edge angles and MTF levels are generated as the training set. Parameters related with MTF and image structure are extracted from the edge images. Trained with image parameters and the corresponding MTF, the SVM classifier can assess the MTF of any edge image. The result shows that the proposed method has an excellent performance on measuring accuracy and stability.

InSb quantum dots of high quality and high density is grown epitaxially by LP-MOCVD technology on GaSb substrate, and some parameters influenced surface pattern of InSb is analyzed such as source flow, phase V/III ratio, growth temperature, pressure in reaction chamber, etc. Experiment obtained a set of optimized parameters of InSb/GaSb quantum dots: 475℃, 200mbar, V/III=1. Under optimized epitaxial parameters, using atomic-like layer growth pattern and connecting In and Sb organic source for four times alternatively can prepare InSb/GaSb quantum dots whose density can be up to 1.69×10¹⁰cm^-2.

The transmit power and laser divergence angle of single photon laser ranging system for airborne is a key factor restricting the measurement range. A method is proposed in this paper to reduce the laser divergence angle to increase the measurement process. And an auto tracking system based on fast steering mirror is proposed to improve the accuracy of the pointing error because of the small divergence angle in airborne environment. On the theory, it can increase the measurement range of not increasing the transmit power.

A new method for the determination of the degree of freedom of the hexapod mount based on screw theory has been proposed. The method is applied to the mobility analysis of the four configurations of the hexapod mount, say the 3-3 configuration, 3-6 configuration, 6-3 configuration and 6-6 configuration. The conclusion which the DOF of the four structures of the hexapod mount is zero and over-constraint does not exist has been derived by the analysis of the motion screw systems of the four structures, and it also presents that the four structures are equivalent in DOFs and the DOF of variation configuration of the hexapod mount is also zero and over-constraint does not exist, which provides a strong theoretical support for the feasibility of the kinematic supporting of the optical module. The method also provides a reference for the mobility analysis of other parallel manipulators.

Aiming at the simultaneous measurement of the size, shape, fall velocity of precipitation particles, a ground-based optical instrument, the precipitation micro-physical characteristics sensor (PMCS) was developed, it can record the double-exposure image of each particle in a single frame, by which the size, equivalent diameter, axis ratio of raindrops can be calculated, its fall velocity can be calculated according to its displacement and time interval. The PMCS is calibrated by some glass balls with certain diameters in sunny, cloudy, and night conditions, based on which a fitted relationship between the threshold and image area is obtained and used to ensure the measurement accuracy of raindrop sizes. The field measurement of PMCS has obtained plenty of raindrops images, based on which the shape, axis ratio, and fall velocity of raindrops were calculated and discussed. The typical shape of large raindrop takes on an oblate ellipsoid with a flatter base and a more raised top, the axis ratio of raindrops decrease linearly with the increasing of diameter, the fall velocity of raindrops increases exponentially with the increasing of the diameter, and above observed data are in good agreement with the empirical model. These results validate the performance of PMCS, which can be widely applied for interpreting weather radar data, investigating regional precipitation features, and studying the physical process of precipitation.

It is very difficult to monitor the pollution and diffusion of nuclear facilities directly by remote sensing image. This paper proposes a method of nuclear pollution detection using the wide band hyperspectral data, the vegetation health status as the intermediate variables, the indirect detection of nuclear power plant pollution, and the feasibility of this method are discussed.

As a novel and ultrasensitive detection technology that had advantages of fingerprint effect, high speed and low cost, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was used to develop the regression models for the fast quantitative detection of thiram by support vector machine regression (SVR) in the paper. Meanwhile, three parameter optimization methods, which were grid search (GS), genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were employed to optimize the internal parameters of SVR. Furthermore, the influence of the spectral number, spectral wavenumber range and principal component analysis (PCA) on the quantitative detection was also discussed. Firstly, the experiments demonstrate the proposed method can realize the fast and quantitative detection of thiram, and the best result is obtained by GS-SVR with the spectra of the range of characteristic peak which are processed by PCA. And the effect of GS, GA, PSO on the parameter optimization is similar, but the analysis time has a great difference in which GS is the fastest. Considering the analysis accuracy and time simultaneously, the spectral number of samples over each concentration should be set to 50. Then, developing the quantitative model with the spectra of range of characteristic peak can reduce analysis time on the promise of ensuring the detection accuracy. Additionally, PCA can further reduce the detection error through reserving the main information of the spectra data and eliminating the noise.

In order to detect the dim small target in high frame rate image sequences，an optimized temporal processing technique is investigated. Based on the temporal profile models for noise pixel，target pixel and clutter pixel, we formulate the detection in two steps, pre-processed by Max-median filter and temporal variance filter(TVF). In pre-processing step, three spatial-filtering methods are compared. In temporal profile analysis step, the length of time windows for calculating the mean and variance values are chosen after statistical analysis. Finally, six targets embedded into a scene which contains different types of clouds, and set the adjacent scene to one pixel jitter in any random direction. The simulation results show that we can obtain a relative high signal-to-clutter gain in different regions, which satisfies the requirement of target detection algorithm in high frame rate detection system.

Terahertz technology is getting fast development in scientific research and the characteristics of terahertz beam is of great importance when using a terahertz laser. In this paper we scan the THz beam along its diameter by a slit and a circular aperture to measure the THz beam’s power distribution and thus get its spot’s size. The results show that the beam spot of the THz source we employed is satisfied with Gaussian distribution. The value of the peak power would affect the determination of the spot boundary, the influence of environmental noise will increases when the the peak power become weak and the measured spot diameter will be too large ultimately.

Spectral response is one of the important technological parameters of the detector, along with the development of the ultraviolet detector technology, accurate measurement of UV detector spectral responsivity is becoming more and more important. This paper analyzes the ultraviolet focal plane array relative spectral responsivity measurement principle, using the substitution method of measuring ultraviolet focal plane array detector relative spectral responsivity, and established a calibration device for relative spectral response of UV focal plane array. The relative spectral response of UV focal plane array device was obtained,can be seen from the curves, UV focal plane array device from 250 nm to 290 nm spectral response range, the peak response near 270 nm, Show that the array sun-blind characteristic of a device. The uncertainty of analysis results showed that UV focal plane array device relative spectral response measurement uncertainty of calibration device is about 3.6%, can meet the demand of high precision measurement.

We propose a faster method for video motion magnification, which can make imperceptible motion visible for human eyes. Motion-magnified videos produced by our framework are of comparable quality to those produced with Riesz pyramid, but our method has higher computational efficiency. We use median filter to eliminate the grid noises at motion area edges. Experiments show our method is effective and efficient.

Infrared image quality is a key factor of object detection. Stripe nonuniformity is very typical in the staring infrared focal plane array (IRFPA). In this paper, we propose a novel high-space-frequency correction method to eliminate the stripe nonuniformity. The kernel ideal is to eliminate the high-space-frequency part of stripe nonuniformity and retain its low-space-frequency part which can reduce unwanted ghosting artifacts. Firstly, the spatial characteristic of stripe nonuniformity is discussed, then correction parameters are computed based on the spatial high frequency part of image. Experimental results show the proposed mehtod can compute adaptive correction parameters of each readout channel and obtain a reliable stripe nonuniformity reduction.

The backward scattering characteristic of the jet engine nozzle is one of the most challenging problem in applied electromagnetics. Radar cross section (RCS) data of a double S-shaped nozzle (DSN) with and without radar absorbing material (RAM) were measured in the microwave chamber using stepping test system. The experiment results show that S-shaped structure has a certain effect on the backwards scattering characteristics. Coating RAM can reduce the RCS of DSN effectively.

The theoretical model and mathematical description of dual-balanced coherent detection ( or dual-balanced coherent detection ) are established，with which the current formula and output power formula of intermediate frequency (IF) signals are deduced. Theoretical analysis shows that this dual-balanced coherent detection technique can effectively solve the polarization matching of signal light and local light, and improve the stability of signal measurement, and reduce the influence on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system. Meanwhile, the technique also have the above advantages compared with single-balanced coherent detection. Hopefully, the dual-balanced coherent detection method could be applied in a wide range of fields.

Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) is a new type of Raman Spectroscopy technology, which can detect the medium concealed in the opaque or sub-transparent material fast and nondestructively. The article summarized Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy`s international and domestic study and application progress on contraband detecting, medical science (bone ingredient, cancer diagnose etc.), agricultural products, historical relic identification etc. and stated the technology would become an effective measurement which had wide application prospect.

With the development of mathematical morphology theory, the application of mathematical morphology in image processing has been very extensive, in recent years, with in-depth study of mathematical morphology and its applications in signal processing development is receiving more and more attention. As a kind of nonlinear signal processing method, its signal feature extraction is performed in time domain, compared with some other nonlinear and non-stationary signal processing method, which has no phase offset and amplitude attenuation etc. many advantages, so this method is applied to the signal processing in various industries. This paper mainly expounds the basic theory of mathematical morphology, and puts forward the method of mathematical morphology denoising pretreatment. Finally, the paper summarizes the application of mathematical morphology in speech signal processing and the combination of neural network.

In order to improve the communication efficiency and security of Quantum Secure Direct Communication, a new Quantum Secure Direct Communication scheme based on d-dimension Bell entangled state is proposed. In the scheme, the receiver and the sender transport the d-dimensional Bell particles as secure test particles to ensure the security of communication. The receiver can calculate the security of the channel according to the measurement of d-dimensional Bell state particles, which is based on the entanglement properties of the d-dimensional Bell state. Secret information is transmitted through the other d-dimensional Bell state particles by dense coding technique. Then, the receiver can determine the security of the channel by comparing the measurements of the particles and makes a joint measurement of the transmitted particles to obtain secret information. Finally, the entropy theory is used to analyze the security of the protocol. Under the four dimensional Bell state, the transmission efficiency of the protocol is 90.90% and the efficiency of the quantum bit is 45.45%. The results show that the proposed scheme is safe and reliable and has high transmission efficiency.

A combined method using 2D pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution (2D-PWVD) and structural similarity(SSIM) index is proposed for fusion of low resolution multi-spectral (MS) image and high resolution panchromatic (PAN) image. First, the intensity component of multi-spectral image is extracted with generalized IHS transform. Then, the spectrum diagrams of the intensity components of multi-spectral image and panchromatic image are obtained with 2D-PWVD. Different fusion rules are designed for different frequency information of the spectrum diagrams. SSIM index is used to evaluate the high frequency information of the spectrum diagrams for assigning the weights in the fusion processing adaptively. After the new spectrum diagram is achieved according to the fusion rule, the final fusion image can be obtained by inverse 2D-PWVD and inverse GIHS transform. Experimental results show that, the proposed method can obtain high quality fusion images.

Based on Stokes vector and Jones vector, the correlation between Mueller matrix elements and refractive index was studied with the result simplified, and through Mueller matrix way, the expression of refractive index inversion was deduced. The Mueller matrix elements, under different incident angle, are simulated through the expression of specular reflection so as to analyze the influence of the angle of incidence and refractive index on it, which is verified through the measure of the Mueller matrix elements of polished metal surface. Research shows that, under the condition of specular reflection, the result of Mueller matrix inversion is consistent with the experiment and can be used as an index of refraction of inversion method, and it provides a new way for target detection and recognition technology.

We investigate a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) which consists of squeezed triangle lattice and elliptical air holes. Birefringence and dispersion properties of this PCF have been numerically estimated by the supercell lattice method. Numerical results show that the birefringence is on the order of 10^-2 over ultrabroad wavelength rang from1.3μm to 1.7μm and birefringence can be reached 1.71×10^-2 at the operating wavelength of 1.55μm. It is also demonstrated that two near-zero dispersion of -1.75(ps/nm/km) (x-polarized mode) and-0.33(ps/nm/km) (y-polarized mode) at 1.55μm can be achieved. Morever, the fluctuations of the dispersion with fiber parameters are very small. The simulation results show that our proposed PCF are robust to fabrication imperfections.

The cloud in the high altitude is usually in the gas-liquid mixed state, this paper simulates the environment of the cloud particle using bubble field in the liquid. The paper research the gas-liquid mixture via measuring the size and 3D position of the bubble using a digital in-line holographic imaging system. The design of the optical system and the algorithm of reconstruction, recognition and extraction about the digital hologram is presented. The digital holography deserves to be selected as the projection to measure the bubble field because of advantages such as being able to record and reconstruct the three-dimensional position information, avoiding disturbing the object and insuring the instantaneity during the measurement. The optical system and the algorithm about the digital program have been completed, the hologram of bubbles in the liquids recorded by CCD, the hologram reconstruction using the digital hologram after denoising processing is accomplished. The character of cloud particles can be measured by using holography after analyzing the parameter of the bubbles.

The effective X-ray single photon detector is one of the key technologies for X-ray pulsar detection and navigation. The detector should have good energy and time characteristics and feasibility to meet the needs of X-ray pulsar single photon detection. In this paper, the main kinds of X-ray single photon detectors at present are introduced. By comparing their advantages, disadvantages and usage in satellite, we will give the development trends for the use of X-ray single photon detectors in X-ray pulsar navigation. Finally, we will introduce other new types of X-ray single photon detectors for the future use.

An electronic image stabilization method compounded with inertia information, which can compensate the coupling interference caused by the pitch-yaw movement of the optical stable platform system, has been proposed in this paper. Firstly the mechanisms of coning rotation and lever-arm translation of line of sight (LOS) are analyzed during the stabilization process under moving carriers, and the mathematical model which describes the relationship between LOS rotation angle and platform attitude angle are derived. Then the image spin angle caused by coning rotation is estimated by using inertia information. Furthermore, an adaptive block matching method, which based on image edge and angular point, is proposed to smooth the jitter created by the lever-arm translation. This method optimizes the matching process and strategies. Finally, the results of hardware-in-the-loop simulation verified the effectiveness and real-time performance of the proposed method.

The circular-polarized laser can excite Sodium Laser Guide Star (SLGS) to obtain a large number of the return photons. Re-pumping technology can further enhance the return photon flux of SLGS. But laser propagating in the atmosphere suffers the atmospheric turbulence which causes the stochastic distributions of laser intensity in mesosphere. This leads to the fluctuations of return photon flux as the strength of atmospheric turbulence. We study effects of atmospheric turbulence on the return photon flux of SLGS under the Hufnagle-vally5/7(HV5/7), Greenwood and Mod-HV models by numerical simulation. Results show that both the return photon flux and fluctuations under the strong atmospheric turbulence are more than those under the weak one. Comparing re-pumping with no re-pumping, increment of the return photon flux under the three atmospheric turbulence models increase with the decreasing strength of atmospheric turbulence. But the fluctuations of the return photon flux greatly decrease for re-pumping.

Conventional scanning method for photoelectric devices is slow and ineffective, especially in large scale applications. Motivated by the fact that the failed or defected components are sparse, this paper proposed a fast scanning method utilizing compressive sensing. The proposed method measures the total output of the sample device under pattern controlled structured light beams. With a few numbers of photo-electric current measurements, the defected components are located in the compressive sensing manner. The concept of propose method and the detection probabilities of the proposed method are evaluated. Simulation results indicating that the sparse defects can be compressively located using a few measurements, and the detection speed can be accelerated by 10 times when the ratio of defects is less than 1.5%; this detection probability is sufficient for real application. The additional advantages of proposed detection system are that no mechanical movement component is required, and the testing for each single cell is no longer required, since the system measures the total output of the whole panel. This feature brings great benefits to the applications for testing the devices that have been assembled or installed.

The zero initial optical path difference, the integral optical path layout and the polarization interference technique are adopted to design quadruplicated polarized laser interferometer measuring system. The factors and design requirements which affect high-precision interferometer are analyzed. In order to reduce DC offset error, unequal amplitude error and non-orthogonal error, four orthogonal measuring signals are processed by a series of circuits with differential amplification and orthogonalization functions, and the two ideal orthogonal measuring signals are obtained. Beyond the VC++ environment, combined with the 200 phase subdivision, the resolution of 0.8 nm can be achieved. The measuring results are compensated and corrected according to the environmental parameters. The error sources of the measuring system are analyzed, and the quantitative values of the cosine error and abbe error are given. Compared with the British Renishaw XL-80 high-precision laser interferometer, the experimental results show that the measuring system has high stability and accuracy.

Remote infrared sensing is a good approach to detect Chemical agents which can prevent operator being poisoned. The pattern recognition algorithms such as artificial neural network are the core of the chemical agent spectra identification subsystem. This paper presents a modified artificial neural network that can effectively train and identify chemical agent remote sensing spectra. The C++ language was used to program the identification software. Then many remote sensing spectra DMMP as chemical agent simulants were used to train the artificial neural network. The results show that the adaptive momentum and adaptive learning rate accelerate the artificial neural network convergence, cross-examination avoids neural network over-fitting, and the modified artificial neural network can be used to identify chemical agents remote sensing spectra perfectly.

Large aspheric mirrors with diameter over 200 mm are widely used in space communication system, large-scale astronomical telescope and X-ray facilities. However the measurement of these mirrors with large slope is a long-term problem. Scanning deflectometry method using autocollimator with rotary stage was proposed for measuring mirrors with large slope. The repeatability of the method has been confirmed as tens of nanometers. However, the absolute accuracy of the method is not confirmed since the distance between the rotation center of the rotary stage and the mirror under measurement is difficult to measure, which strongly affects the measurement accuracy of scanning deflectometry method. In this paper, we have proposed a triangulation method with CMOS sensor for measuring the distance from the rotation center to the measurement table (marble surface). The error analysis shows that the measurement uncertainty of this measurement method is about 40 microns. The repeated experiments show that the measurement accuracy of the proposed method is 49.7 microns, which meets the requirements of large mirror measurement with tens of nanometers’ uncertainty. This method also provides a new solution for the position measurement of the rotation center of the large scale rotary device.